I-mass spectrometry imi phambili kwisayensi yokuhlaziya, futhi ukuzwela kwayo okumangalisayo nokunemba kwenza kube yithuluzi elisemqoka lokuhlonza nokwenza ama-molecule ancono. Indlela isebenza ngokuguqula amasampula ama-Ions futhi alinganise ama-ratios awo azoshaja (m I-MS idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuma-proteomics, metabolomics, ukuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa, ukuqapha imvelo kanye nokuxilonga kwemitholampilo. Amandla awo okuhlinzeka ngemininingwane enemininingwane eminingi iyaqhubeka nokushayela izinto ezintsha emigqeni yesayensi ehlukahlukene.

Izimiso Zokubuka Okuningi

I-Mass Spectrometry (MS) inqubo enamandla yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukukala izinto ezaziwayo, khomba amakhompiyutha angaziwa, kanye nezakhiwo zezinhlaka zamangqamuzana. Ku-MS, isampula i-Ionesised, futhi izinhlayiya eziholwa yikhokhisiwe zihlukaniswe futhi zalinganiswa ngokususelwa kuzilinganiso zazo zokushayisana. I-spectrometer ejwayelekile eningi iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu eziphambili:

Umthombo we-Ion: Khiqiza ama-Ions e-Gaseous kusuka kuma-molecule ayisampula.
I-Mass Analyzer: ixazulula ama-ion ngezilinganiso zazo zokushaja.
Umtshina: Kuthola ama-Ion ahlukanisiwe futhi alinganise amanani awo.

Inqubo yokuhlaziya ifaka izinyathelo eziningana:

I-ION Production: Isampula i-Ionesion ukukhiqiza ama-Ions ama-molefanelar (kaningi ngezindlela ezifana ne-elektroni ionization noma i-electrospray).
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Ion: Ama-Ion ahlungwa noma ahlukaniswe ngokuya ngo-m \ z ku-Mass Analyzer.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Ion (uma kudingekile): I-Presersor Ions ingahlukaniswa ngeseli lokushayisana ukuze iveze imininingwane yesakhiwo.
Ukutholwa Nokuqopha: I-Detector ilinganisa ama-ion wokugcina futhi iqopha i-mass spectrum, isakhiwo se-ion signal versus m \ z. Lesi sibonelelo sihlinzeka ngesisindo samangqamuzana nezinkomba zokuhlaziya.

Ufuna ukwazi ukuthi iyini i-GC Headspace?Chofoza lapha ukuze wazi okuningi

Izinto ezintsha ku-mass spectrometry

Amasu we-Ionization

Izinto ezintsha ku-Ionization zinwebekile kakhulu ama-MS Accound. Isibonelo, i-Electrospray Ionization (EI) ibone izithuthukisi ezinkulu; I-Nano-Electrospray (Nano-ELI) isebenzisa ama-capillaries amahle kakhulu ukukhiqiza amaconsi akhokhiswe kakhulu avela kumavolumu amancane kakhulu wesampula, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukuzwela nesinqumo. E-matrix-osizwa nge-laser destomption \ ionization (Maldi), amakhompiyutha amasha we-matrix kanye ne-advanced activation athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-ionization kanye nokuxazululwa kwendawo, okwenza ukuthembeka okuphezulu kwamaprotheni, amaprotheni aphezulu, kanye nama-lipid ezingxenyeni zezicubu. Izindlela ze-Ambient Ionization ezifana ne-Electrospray Ionization (Desi) kanye nokuhlaziywa okuqondile ngesikhathi sangempela (i-DART) kumenyezelwa ukudlulela phambili Lawa amasu anika amandla ukuhlaziya okusheshayo, okuku-site kwezicelo ze-forensic, ukuqapha imvelo, nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi.

Ubuchwepheshe be-Analyser

Izinto ezintsha ku-Mass Analyzers zithuthukise kahle amakhono we-MS. Isibonelo, i-Orbitrap Analyzer inikezela ukulungiswa kwe-Ultrahigh, ukudonsa i-ions enkundleni ye-elektrostiki lapho imvamisa yazo ye-oscillation isithela khona ngokunemba kakhulu m \ z izilinganiso. Izinsimbi zesimanje ze-Orbitrap zingafinyelela izinqumo eziningi ezingenhla kwe-100 000 kumanani aphakathi we-M \ I-Four-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) MS ihlinzeka ngokunemba okuphezulu nokunemba ngokukhipha ama-Ions kumandla kazibuthe aqinile futhi ahlaziye ukunyakaza kwabo kwe-cyclotron. I-Multi-Tonfideting TOF (MR-toof) inwebisa indlela yendiza ngokusebenzisa ukuboniswa okuningi, ukuqinisa ukulungiswa kwe-tof ngaphandle kokukhulisa insimbi. Ama-Hybrid Systems ahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe: I-Quadrupole-Orbipole-Orbipole-toof Amathuluzi Sebenzisa i-Quadrupole ukukhetha i-ions kanye ne-orbitrap noma i-tof analyzer ukufeza ijubane eliphezulu, ukukalwa okuphezulu. Lezi nzalo ziletha kokubili ukukhetha nokunemba kokuhlaziywa kwesampula okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwengeziwe, amasistimu kathathu Quadrupole (QQQ) agqamile kwi-CadAITITIATED eqondisiwe: ngokwenza ama-MS ^ 2 Uchungechunge (ngeseli lokushayisana phakathi kwama-quadrupoles amabili), aqapha izinguquko ezithile ze-Ion ngokunemba okuphezulu. I-QQQ isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-protemics amancane nezinsizakalo zemitholampilo zokulinganisa okuthembekile kwe-biomarker.

Ukucutshungulwa kwedatha ne-AI

Eceleni kwe-Hardware Tests, isoftware kanye nezindlela zokuhlaziywa kwedatha zivela ngokushesha. Ukufundwa komshini (ml) nobuhlakani bokufakelwa (AI) kuya ngokuya kusetshenziselwa ukutolika imininingwane yezinhlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuthuthukisa ukuqashelwa kwephethini kanye nokunciphisa isikhathi sokuhlaziya. Lezi zindlela zingabona ngokuzenzakalelayo iziqongo ezibukhali, amasiginali e-DeconVolute agqashuma, bese ancoma ukuhlaziya ngokunemba, ukunciphisa iphutha lomuntu. Isibonelo, ama-algorithms athuthukile angakhomba ngokuzenzakalela futhi anciphise iziqongo, elungisa umsindo oyisisekelo kanye nokuletha imiphumela ephezulu. Amathuluzi azenzakalelayo ahambisanayo ahambisa ukuhamba ngokusebenza futhi athuthukise ukuvela kabusha, okubalulekile ezifundweni ezinkulu ze-proteomic kanye ne-metabolomic.

Izicelo ze-Mass Spectrometry

I-Mass Spectrometry isetshenziswa ezinsukwini eziningi ezinhlobonhlobo, kufaka phakathi:

Ama-protemics kanye ne-metabolomics: Ezesayensi yempilo, ama-MS enika amandla ukukhonjwa kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinkulungwane zamaprotheni kanye nama-metabolites kumasampula anzima, asiza ukutholwa kwe-biomarker kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-metabolic. Abaphenyi bangakwazi ngokuphelele ama-molecule amaselula ukuqonda izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindlela zezifo.
Ukuxilongwa Kwemitholampilo kanye ne-Bioomedicine:Kwezokwelapha, i-MS isetshenziselwa ukukhomba izifo ze-biomarkers, ukufundela izidakamizwa ama-pharmacokinetics, kanye nomuthi wokusekelwa wokusekelwa. Isibonelo, amaprotheni amaprotheni noma amaphrofayli we-metabolite egazini noma izicubu angahlaziywa ukuze ahlole izifo kusenesikhathi noma aqaphe impendulo yokwelashwa.
Ukuqapha imvelo kanye ne-forensics:I-MS ithola ukungcola emoyeni, amanzi, kanye nenhlabathi (njengezinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-pesticides, kanye nobuthi be-organic) futhi ikhomba ubuthi nezidakamizwa kumasampula ezinto eziphilayo, kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezemvelo kanye nokuphepha emphakathini. Isibonelo, ukulandelwa komlandeli kwamanzi ngezinsalela zokubulala izinambuzane noma umoya wezinto eziguqukayo kungatholakala ngokuzwela okuphezulu.
Ukuphepha Kokudla Nesayensi Yokwenziwa:I-MS isetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinto ezingcolile kanye nezithasiselo ekudleni naseziphuphuni (e.g. Izinsalela zokubulala izinambuzane, izengezo ezingekho emthethweni), ziqinisekisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Material Science ne-Nanotechnology ukuthola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nokwakheka kwezinto ezintsha.
Ukuhlola isikhala nokuhlaziywa kweseli elilodwa:Ama-MS amathuluzi okuhlaziya amasampula e-extraterrestrial (E.G., ukuthola ama-molecule e-organic ezindaweni zeplanethi noma kuma-meteorites) kanye namangqamuzana ephrofayili (i-single-cell a), aqhubekisela phambili ukuqonda kwethu kwe-Universe ne-Biology eyisisekelo.

Umbono wesikhathi esizayo

Njengobuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ama-New Interasitions ayaqhubeka nokuphuma ku-Mass Spectrometry. Isibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Microfluidic Sampula Ukulungiswa kwesampula, imithombo ye-Inovel Nano Ngamafuphi, i-spectrometry eningi izoqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yesayensi, ivule amathuba amasha ezindaweni ezinjengokuqapha imvelo, ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha kanye ne-chemistry eyisisekelo.

Okwedlule:

Izisombululo zezinkwa zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo ze-organic (ama-Vocs) Ukwehluleka kwesimangaliso

Olandelayo:

Standatsed 8-60 ml EPA isampula vials yokuqapha imvelo ethembekile