Izifundo zokuzinza ziphonononga indlela ezihlalutyo zezampulu (i-E.G. Ukugcinwa kweqondo eliphezulu kunye nezantsi lobushushu kunokukhuphela ukonakaliswa kwemichiza, utshintsho lolwakhiwo, okanye ukwahlulahlula; Ukuvezwa kokukhanya okukhulu kunokubangela ukucoceka kwebhondi okanye ukukhululeka okukhululekileyo, kubangela ifoto. Ngokuphanda ngokucwangcisiweyo kwiimpembelelo ze-40 ° C, -20 ° C, kwaye ukukhanya kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zesampulu kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka. Eli phepha ligxile kwiindlela zethiyori kunye neendlela zokupasa kweemolethi ezintathu kwiimolekyuli ezincinci, izisombululo zensimbi, kunye neefoto zangaphantsi, kwaye ziphakamisa imilinganiselo yokulinganisa kunye novavanyo oluhambelana novavanyo.

1. Ubushushu obukhulu (40 ° C) buchaphaze njani iimolekyuli ezincinci kunye nee-ion zentsimbi?

Ubushushu obuphezulu Ukukhawulezisa amaxabiso okuphendula, ngokuqhelekileyo i-molecuring molecules ekhuphayo kunye nokuchitha izithako ezisebenzayo. Kuvavanyo lokuzimela kwamachiza, i-40 ° C \ / 75% rh isetyenziswa njengemeko ekhawulezayo yokuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha yexesha elide. Ubushushu obuphakamileyo bunokuphembelela i-oxidation, i-hydrolysis, ukupheliswa kwempahla emfutshane, okanye i-ismerization kwiimolekyuli ezincinci, kwaye zinokutshintsha ulungelelwaniso lwentsimbi kunye nokuluka.

1.1 Iimpembelelo ezithile kwiimolekyuli ezincinci

Ukonakaliswa kwe-oxidage:I-Lipids okanye ii-phenolics zisenza isitshixo nge-40 ° C, ukwenza iimveliso zokuphelisa.
I-Hydrolysis:I-Ester okanye iibhondi ze-Amide okanye i-Aideng ngokulula xa ishushu, ivelise i-acids, iziseko, okanye izicotho.
I-ISOMERIZA:Ukuguqulwa kwe-CIS-trans copmoo okanye i-racraction inokunciphisa umsebenzi.

Umzekelo: I-Rapyycin (kunye ne-IV Prodrug CCI-779) igcinwe kwi-40 ° i-ch / $ i-8% ye-oxidation-i-oxidation-i-oxidatives e-25 \ / ~ c. Ngenxa yoko, umxholo osebenzayo kunye ne-degradents eziphambili kufuneka ibekwe esweni ngokusondeleyo phantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu.

1.2 Iziphumo eziphambili kwizisombululo zensimbi

Uzinzo oluntsonkothileyo:Intsimbi-Igand Aquilibrium Izizwe zahluka kubushushu; Imifanekiso ebuthathaka inokungakwazi ukuthoba, ukukhulula ii-ions zasimahla.
Ukunyibilika kunye nophando:Ngelixa uninzi lwentsimbi lwentsimbi lunyibilikisa ngakumbi kwi-T, (E.G., i-hydroxides, i-sulfides ethile, inokuthi ifumaneke kutshintsho kwinqanaba okanye i-changes. Umzekelo, i-calcium carbonate, umzekelo, iifom ezahlukeneyo ze-phudrate kubushushu obahlukeneyo, ezichaphazela i-morphology ye-morphology.
I-Oxidation StateU-Fe²⁺ unokuchaphazeleka eFe³⁺ kwi-TOVED T, i-FRCIPITRATIT ye-Infroxides ye-ionfroxides kunye nokuguqula isisombululo se-Ion.

Ngo-40 ° C, ukubeka iliso kunamaxabiso okuntywila kunye nokuthintela umngcipheko ukuphepha ilahleko ye-ion engalindelekanga okanye utshintsho olwenziwayo.

1.3 Uyilo lweemvavanyo zokuzivocavoca eziphezulu kunye neendlela zokulinganisa

Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bohlalutyo bubandakanya:

I-DSC (i-calolom yolololombi eyahlukileyo):Ukulinganisa uzinzo lwe-therm, uthungelwano lweSigaba, kunye ne-Dealication.
UV-Vispesphotometry:I-tracksbance okanye iinguqu zemibala ukuze zicombulule uxiniso olusebenzayo okanye ukwakhiwa kwento ekuhlazelekileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
ICP-ms \ / AAS:Qwalasela ngokuthe ngqo ukugxininisa kwe-ion, ukulungisa ilahleko okanye ukulungisa unyango lwangaphambi nasemva kweposi.
I-HPPC \ / GC-Nks:Ukwahlula kunye nokuchonga iimveliso zokuphelisa, ukubala ukubuyela kwimeko yomzali.

Umzekelo Iprotocol: Beka iisampulu kwi-40 ° C zokuhlambela amanzi okukhula okukhawulezileyo; Ukuqhuba nge-DSC krazula i-DSC ye-ICRMAL ENGOSTEY, kwaye usebenzise i-ICP-MS ukulandela amanqanaba entsimbi. Ngokudibeneyo ezi ndlela zinika umbono obanzi wotshintsho olwenziwe ngobushushu.

2. Kukwenza njani ukugcinwa okungaphantsi komhlaba (-20 ° C) kuchaphazela njani ukuzinza kwesampulu?

Ngo-20 ° C, ukukhulula uguqukayo kumazwe omzimba, kunokubangela ukwahlulwa kwento okanye uzinzo. Ikristali yomkhenkce ayibandakanyi izisombululo eziziipokotho ezingafunekiyo, ispikidi yasekhaya kunye ne-PH, enokubangela ukuphendula okungalindelekanga okanye okhe wandulela. Imijikelezo ephindaphindiweyo ephindaphindiweyo inokuphazamisa imeko yesampulu kunye nengqibelelo.

2.1 Iziphumo ze-freeze-thaw kwiimolekyuli ezincinci

Ngexesha le-freeze-thaw, izisombululo zigxile kwikristali yomkhenkce, zihlala zibumba i-teing okanye ixhaswe. I-macroscopic le nto ibonakala njenge-turbidity okanye i-trocimate; Ngokwenyani, izithuthi zemolekyuli okanye ukonakala kwenzeke. Izifundo kwiilayibrari ze-DMSSO ezikwi-DMSO-esekwe kwi-dmsound ibonisa imijikelezo emininzi yokwaleka inciphisa uxinzelelo olusebenzayo (ngenxa yokuthoba okanye ukuntywila) kuthelekiswa nolawulo olungelulo. Iinkqubo zokuqhekeka kwinqanaba zifuna ukulawulwa kokunqongophala kunye nokuhlolwa kozinzo.

2.2 Iindlela kwizisombululo zensimbi

Ukuqulunqwa komkhenkce ii-ions zentsimbi kunye nokongezwa kweendawo zokungena zolwelo, okwethutyana ukuphakamisa i-H⁺. Ngee-iron-valet yentsimbi (i-ZVI), i-freeze-haw igxile kwiiprojeki ezinyibilikisayo ungqimba; I-Metals ekhutshiweyo (i.G., Ni²⁺) I-Dectorb, kunye ne-FE esebenzayo inokuphinda ifune kwakhona. I-PH kunye ne-ion swings inokutshintsha ikhemistri kunye nokuchaswa, kuchaphazela uzinzo lwesisombululo ngokubanzi.

2.3 Ukulinganisa impembelelo ye-Free-Thaw

I-DLS (i-Dynamic ukukhanya):I-tracks paricacle-ubungakanani butshintsho ngaphambi nangemva kwe-thaw ukuze ikusebenzise ukwahlula-hlula.
ICP-ms \ / AAS:Imilinganiselo yokwahluka kwe-ion yentsimbi ngaphambi nasemva kwe-freeze-thaw ukuvavanya ilahleko okanye i-pumizise.
I-BITE-THICY SYRCY:Landela izikhokelo ze-Ich (i.G., Imijikelezo emithathu: -10 ukuya kwi-2 yemihla ngemihla, emva koko i-40 ° C kwiintsuku ezi-2) ngeSampu emva komjikelo ngamnye ukuze uvavanye uzinzo.

Ngezi ndlela, iilebhu zinokulinganisa iziphumo ze-freeze-suw kunye nezokwandisa iiprotocols zothutho.

3. Ungayilinganisa njani amazinga okufowuni yeefoto zefonti?

Imifanekiso eneenkqubo ezihlanganisiweyo ze-π-π, amakhonkco avuthayo, okanye amaziko entsimbi athabatha i-UV \ / Ifoto ebonakalayo kwaye i-Photoxidation, okanye i-pin-raince chain yokuphendula. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuyinisweni kweemvavanyo zokuzilula kunye nokuqikelela iifoto.

3.1 Yeyiphi imijikelezo yokukhanya - ibuthathaka kwaye ngoba?

I-DYESs ezineenkqubo ezihlanganisiweyo okanye iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa ngokwesinyithi zifumana ukukhanya kunye neekhonkco ezinamafutha, ukwenza i-radicals.
I-oils eguquguqukayo kwizicatshulwa ze-herbal inokuphuma okanye iphose phantsi kwe-UV \ / ubushushu.
Iimolekyuli eziqukethe i-bonds ebuthathaka (E.G., Nitroso, iPeroxide) ijongene nefoto.
Nasiphi na isakhiwo esine-chromophores okanye iibhondi ezicociweyo zinokwenza i-Potchemistry-i-Ionsist, ukongeza, i-isomerization-kunye ne-isverations eguqulwe okanye isuswe i-onvied.

3.2 Uyilo lweFot Longetion

Nge-Ich Q1b:

Inqanaba lokunyanzelwa
Inqanaba lokuqinisekisa: Faka isicelo sethamo esichaziweyo sokuvavanya uzinzo lobuhlobo.
Amanqaku aphambili:
Umthombo wokukhanya: I-D65 \ / I-ID65 yeFluorescent yeFluorescent, i-Xenon-Arc, i-Arc-Haln, okanye i-UVB \ / i-Uva kunye ne-UVB i-Uva kunye ne-UVB.
Iseti yesampulu: indawo kwi-InErt, izikhongozeli ezibonakalayo, zibekwe iflethi ngenxa yokuvezwa ngokufanayo, kulawulo olumnyama. Ukuba ukonakaliswa okukhawulezayo kwenzeke, ukuvezwa kwexesha elincitshisiweyo \ / ubunzulu.
Ukubek'esweni kwe-Dose: i-caradiance (E.G., ngesisombululo se-quinine selfate) kwaye irekhodile idosi yokukhanya kwi-J \ / M² ukuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda.

Ulawulo olungqongqo kunye nobumnyama \ / lokuthelekisa ukukhanya kwedatha ethembekileyo yokufota kunye nokuqonda koomatshini.

3.3 Ifoto ye-Kinetic Model

Ifoto

C (t) = c0e-ktc (t) = c_0 e ^ {- kt}

apho i-K ihamba rhoqo. Ukuphendula okunengqondo komhlaba kunokulingana nemodeli ye-langmuir-hinswood. Ngokuhamba ngokulandelela nge-UV-Vis okanye i-HPLC-NS ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-k inokusetyenziswa. Isivuno sefoto yefoto (φ) -molecules wasabela kwi-Photon ye-Photon ebibalwe ngokuthelekisa i-phoradation nge-photon ye-photon ye-photon. Ezi paraments zibonisa ukuqaqanjelwa.

4. Iindlela zokuzinza ezicetyiswayo

Dibanisa ubuchwephesha obuninzi bokuhlalutya ngeprofayili yokuzinza:

I-High-T \ / CHAW-THAW:
-I-DSC yeziganeko zeMveliso ye-Irmal \ /
-U-UV-Vis ukubeka iliso kwi-Inch okanye i-ion
-I-ICP-MN \ / AAS yexabiso lensimbi
-I-dls yesuntswana \ / /
Ukufota:
-I-Uv-Vine Vinetic Abuting
- I-HLLC-NMS kwi-Degradant School
-I-Quental Vielbive kwaye ilinganisele ukubala okusekwe kwi-callibindish

Ukuqinisekiswa kolawulo olungqongqo (ukugcinwa kobumnyama, imithombo eyahlukeneyo yokukhanya), iphindaphindwa, kunye nonyango lweenkcukacha-manani ukuqinisekisa iziphumo.

5. Inkcazo esebenzayo yedatha yokuzinza

Ukudlulisela iziphumo ngokucacileyo, lungiselela:

I-Plorication vs. I-Plots yexesha: Thelekisa amanqanaba asebenzayo okanye i-ion angaphantsi kwe-40 ° C vs. -20 ° C.
IfotoDegradition Kinetics Corves: Veza uxinzelelo okanye i-absorble vs.
I-DSC Teartograms: Veza i-Endo \ / I-Exkotherms yeNgcaciso yeSigaba okanye ukuHamba kwi-Fit.
I-Diagrames yeNkqubo: Ibonisa iimpembelelo zomjikelo we-freeze-thaw thaw okanye ukugcina \ / yokuhambisa umsebenzi

I-Felly-ilungiselelwe iNkcazo yeNkxaso-nkqubo kunye nengxoxo.

Ukuqukumbela

Iingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela uzinzo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: Ubushushu obukhulu bokwaphuka kweekhemikhali (ngakumbi i-lable bills), i-chestzing ye-iceschem ikhutshelwe i-Iceschemists (kunye neemolekyuli zentsimbi). Ukugcinwa kunye nezothutho kufuneka zilungiswe: Izixhobo ezibuthathaka ezibuthathaka kwizitya ze-opaque, ezinobuthathaka ngamaqondo obulawulayo kwiindawo ezinolawulo lobushushu, kunye neenkqubo ezinobuthathaka ezinokuthengiswayo kwiindawo ezinokuqiniseka ukuba zivumelekile. Umsebenzi wexesha elizayo kufuneka uphonononge uxinzelelo oludibeneyo (i.G., Ukukhanya + ukukhanya) ukucoca izikhokelo zokuzimisela.

Amanqaku ongezelelweyo

Iiyunithi:Idosi yokukhanya kwi-J \ / m² okanye i-IT ireyithi ihleli st nasemini; isivuno se-Queam φ; Umxholo wentsalela njenge%.
Iindidi zesampula:Yenza iprothokholi yezezilini kudidi ngalunye (API, phakathi, izinto eziphakathi, ezikhoyo zokusingqongileyo, iityuwa zensimbi) kunye neenkqubo ze-sensit) kunye neenkqubo zeSolvent ukubonelela ngeengcebiso zokugcina ezijolise ekuhlawuleni.

Izalathiso: Ngokusekwe kwi-Ich Q1a \ / Q1b, oziinzo Annex 10, kunye noncwadi lwangoku.

Ngaphambili:

HPLC Organic-Phase Sample Syringe Filter Membrane Comparison & Selection Guide

Okulandelayo:

Buyela kuLuhlu