Ingqikithi ye-organic carbon (i-toc organic) iyinkomba esemqoka yekhwalithi yamanzi ngoba ifinyelela zonke izinhlanganisela ze-organic carbon kusampula. I-TOC ikhombisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yemvelo noma eyenziwe ngabantu futhi ihlangana nezingozi ezinjenge-microbial regrowth kanye nemikhiqizo emikhiqizo. Isibonelo, ukungcoliswa kwe-organic kunganciphisa amasistimu wokushintshana-ukushintshanisa kanye nophethiloli ukukhula okungafuneki kwe-microbial, ukwenza amanzi angaphephile. Ukuqapha i-TOC kubaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni ngobumsulwa nobucayi: kuyazwela kakhulu kune-bod \ cod ukuthola izinto eziphilayo emanzi ahlanzekile noma emikhandlu. Ekusebenzeni, ukulinganisa kwe-toc kunika abaphathi bezitshalo kanye nabahlaziyi be-lab aresiti esheshayo, ehlanganisiwe yomthwalo we-organic. Ngoba i-toc ehlaziya i-oxidize carbon ye-organic ukuze uyilinganise ngokuqondile, inikeza ukufundwa okusheshayo, okuqondile kokungcoliswa kwe-organic.

I-TOC vs ezinye amapharamitha (cod, bod, doc)

Ngokufingqa, ngenkathi i-COD \ od ibike amamethrikhi endabuko, i-toc inikeza aisilinganiso esiqondile nesisheshayo sekhabhoni e-organic. I-Doc is a subset ye-toc (ewusizo ezimeni zokwelashwa). Ukuqhathaniswa kwetafula okufana nenhla kwe-Labs kukhetha ipharamitha elifanele: Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwe-TOCH kukhethwa lapho kudingeka ukushesha, ukutholwa okubanzi kwe-COD

Izicelo zokuhlaziywa kwe-TOC

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-TOC kusetshenziswa kabanzi-yimzukeni, Izemithi, futhi-kwezimboniIzilungiselelo:

• Ukuqapha imvelo:Emifuleni, amachibi kanye nokuphuza imithombo yamanzi, i-doc \ toc iyizinkomba zekhwalithi yamanzi eziyisisekelo. I-Organic Carbon (Doc) igcwele amaketanga okudla amanzi futhi ixhumanisa ama-freshwater kanye nemijikelezo yekhabhoni yasolwandle. Amazinga we-High Doc emanzini angaphezulu angaholela ekubhujisweni okulimazayo kwemikhiqizo (e.g. trihalomethanes) lapho i-chlorine isetshenziswa. Ama-ejensi ezemvelo kanye nezinsizakalo ngakho-ke qapha i-Toc \ Do Doc ukulandelela ukungcoliswa (isb. Runoff noma ukubola kwe-algal) nokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.
  

• Amanzi amakhemisi ne-Ultra-emsulwa -Izitshalo zemithi nemithi ama-microelectondics izilumo zidinga amanzi ahlanzekile e-ultra. Ngisho nokulandela i-Organics kungakonakalisa imishini noma usabele ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. I-TOC iyi-metric ebalulekile yokuhlanzeka kwamanzi kulezi zimo. Ukuqapha i-TOC kuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ahlangabezana namazinga okuhlanzeka aqinile wokupholisa, ukuhlanza, noma ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo. Isibonelo, noma yikuphi ukukhuphuka kwe-TOC ku-loop yamanzi yezemithi kungakhombisa ukungcoliswa (nokukhula okungaba yi-microbial), ngakho-ke abahlaziyi be-toc abaqhubekayo bavame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezempi.

• Inqubo Yezimboni kanye namanzi angcolile:Izitshalo zokukhiqiza nezokwelashwa zisebenzisa isilinganiso se-toc yeUkuhambisana nokulawula inqubo. Kuma-wastewater discharger, imithethonqubo (njenge-U.S. NPDES) umkhawulo wokungcoliswa kwe-organic; Ukuqapha i-ToC kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-Effent ihlangabezana nale mikhawulo. Ekusebenzeni, amafektri amaningi sebenzisa ama-Online Toc Analyzers ukuqapha ukuthakazelisa futhi alungise ukwelashwa ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngaphakathi kwezinqubo, i-TOC ingathinta ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo - ngokwesibonelo, i-Top ephezulu kumanzi ecubungula ingahle ihlangane noma ukuhlanzeka kokuphela komkhiqizo. Ukulandelela i-ToC kuvumela onjiniyela bezinqubo ukwenza ngcono izinyathelo zokwelashwa nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuluhlaza. Njengomthengisi oyedwa ongumthengisi we-Expor Izinkampani zibuye zibuke ukulawula kwe-toc njengengxenye yobuphathi bezemvelo - ukunciphisa umthwalo we-organic ekukhulekeni kubonakala njengenhloso yokuqina.

Kulezi zilungiselelo, ama-toc ahlaziya agcwalisa ezinye izinzwa (PH, ezenzayo, njll.) Futhi zivame ukuba yingxenye yama-suites aphawula amapharamitha amaningi. Izitshalo eziningi zixhumanisa i-ToC noma izitayela ze-COD uma nje ubudlelwano busunguliwe, kusetshenziswa i-toc njenge-proxy esheshayo yokufuna kwe-oxygen yemvelo lapho kungenzeka.

Izindlela zokulinganisa ze-TC

Abahlaziyi be-TOC balandela izinyathelo ezimbili eziyinhloko:oxidationye-organics kuya ku-co₂, keukubonaye-co₂ (imvamisa ngo-infrared noma ukuthuthuka). Izindlela eziningana ze-oxidation zikhona, ngalinye lilungele izinhlobo ezahlukene zesampula. Ithebula elingezansi lokukhetha indlela yokukhetha:

Ukukhetha indlela efanele:I-oxidation ephezulu ye-templet ikhethelwe amasampula angcolile noma aphezulu, lapho kudingeka khona amaminerali aphelele. Kumasampula amaningi we-elebhu kanye namanzi okuphuza, izindlela ze-PerSFASTate (nge-UV noma ukushisa) zikhethwa, ijubane lokulinganisa nokuphelela. I-oxidation ye-UV-kuphela igcinelwe amanzi ahlanzekile e-Ultra-amsulwa, lapho izikhala ezincane ze-realent zingezona. Abahlaziyi abaningi be-ToC banamuhla bakwazi ukusebenza ngezindlela eziningi (e.g. I-UV eshintshiwe noma ukushesha kokushisa) ukumboza uhla olubanzi lwetikuthathu.

Isampula efanele ibalulekileukuqinisekisa imiphumela ye-toc enembile. Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ebalulekile ifaka:

• Sebenzisa iziqukathi ezihlanzekile, i-inert: Qoqa amasampula e-toc eglasini elihlanziwe ngaphambi kokuhlanzwa, i-toc-free glass noma amabhodlela epulasitiki aqinisekisiwe. Hlambulula amabhodlela ngamanzi ayisampula ngaphambi kokuqoqwa ukuze unciphise ukungcoliswa. Gwema noma yiziphi izinsalela ze-organic noma ama-lubrics kumagiya wesampula.

• Nciphisa ukungcoliswa kanye nekhanda:Dlulisa amasampula ngokucophelela ukuvikela ukungcoliswa komoya noma ukulahleka kwekhabhoni. Shiya i-headpace encane (umoya) ebhodleleni ukunciphisa i-co₂ exchange. Ngokulandela ukulandelwa kwezilinganiso ze-TOC, ngisho ne-Skew ye-Atmosperic Co₂ Can SKEW, amalebhu amaningi asebenzisa isampula elivaliwe noma ukuhlaziya ku-inthanethi.

• I-Acidify Uma ukugcina> 24h:Uma isampula alikwazi ukuhlawuliswa ngokushesha (kungakapheli usuku ~ 1 usuku), i-acidy it to Ph ≤ 2 nge-sulfuric noma i-phosphoric acid. Lokhu kususa i-inorganic carbon (bicarbonate \ Carbonate) njenge-co₂ ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa futhi kugcina ikhabhoni ye-organic. I-Acidifish futhi ivimbela umsebenzi wemvelo. Faka ilebula isampula ngayinye ngokucacile bese ulandela noma imiphi imiyalo yelebhu yokuthumela.

• Isiqandisi bese sihlaziya ngokushesha:Gcina amasampula ebanda (~ 4 ° C) kuze kuhlaziywe ekuhlaziyeni kwe-microbial ukukhula. Hlaziya amasampula ngokushesha okukhulu; Ungabavumeli ukuba bahlale emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, abangakwazi ukukhiqiza noma basebenzise ikhabhoni e-organic ngama-microbes.

• Gwema izingibe ezivamile:Ukwehluleka ukususa i-inorganic carbon (hhayi i-acidifish) kungadala ukufundwa kwe-toc. Kusebenzisa amabhodlela angcolile noma amagilavu ​​e-worung-Out angangeza ikhabhoni. Ukuqoqa amasampula ngamaphuzu angalungile (isb. Ngemuva kokwelashwa esikhundleni seamaphuzu aqokiwe) kuholela emiphumeleni engafanele. Ungahlanganisi isampula noma ushiya izinhlayiya ezinganqunyelwe ekumisweni nazo zingakwazi ukumisa izilinganiso ze-toc (njengoba kuhlanganiswe ikhabhoni carbon noma kungenzeka kungabalwa ngokuya nge-analyzer).

Ngokulandela inhlanzeko eqinile kanye nezinqubomgomo zokulondolozwa kwezindawo zokulondolozwa kwezindawo zokulondolozwa kwezindawo zokulondolozwa kwe-norganic, ama-laboratories gwema amaphutha ajwayelekile wesampula. Isibonelo, ukuholwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi eTexas kuxwayisa ngokusobala ukuthi "amasampula e-TOC kumele afakwe i-acid ... uma ngeke zihlaziywa kungakapheli amahora angama-24". Ngokwengeziwe, amazinga wokuqapha ama-TC avame ukudinga izindawo ezithile zesampula kanye namasampula aphindwe kabili ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziywa kweToc buyaqhubeka nokuvela ngezici ezintsha zokuxhumana, ukuthwala, nobuhlakani:

• I-IOT NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU:Abahlaziyi be-Toc Abahlaziyi Bamanje bahlinzeka ngokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi (Ethernet \ Wi-Fi) ngokuhlanganiswa kumapulatifomu we-IOT. Izinhlelo zokuhlola amanzi ze-Smart manje zifaka phakathi izinzwa ze-toc eceleni kwe-PH, terbidity, njll. Idatha yesikhathi sangempela kusuka kumamitha we-toc ingathunyelwa kuma-Cloud Dashboards noma ama-Systems, enika amandla ukuhlaziya okusheshayo. Isibonelo, uhlu olulodwa lokuqapha ama-smart-monitoring solution "lwe-toc" phakathi kwezinketho zalo ezixhunyiwe iot. Lokhu kuxhumana kuvumela abasebenzisi bezitshalo ngeso lengqondo amazinga e-toc ukude futhi alungise izinqubo ngokushesha okukhulu.

• Abahlaziyi be-Portable and Field:Intuthuko ngezizwe ezincane zikhiqize amamitha akwa-PAHHLED TOC ngokuhlolwa kwa-On-Site. I-TOCT TOCC \ DoC Meters (imvamisa isebenzisa ukuzwela kwe-UV-LED ye-UV) Vumela ochwepheshe ukuthola ukufundwa okunembile kwe-toc ngemizuzwana kunoma iyiphi indawo. Lezi zinsimbi ezisezinsizeni ezinamakhambi zivame ukufudumala ngokushesha (E.G. 90 imizuzwana) futhi zibike i-toc \ doc kungakapheli imizuzu. Banwebisa i-ToC ehlola ngale kwelebhu: Isitshalo samanzi singakwazi ukubona i-toc ngamaphuzu amaningi (isb.

• Ubuhlakani bokufakelwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha:Izindlela eziqhutshwa idatha ziyavela ekuphathweni kweToc. Amamodeli we-Machine Learning (ML) angabikezela amazinga we-TOC kusuka kudatha yezinzwa ehlanganisiwe, esebenza njenge "sensor ethambile." Isibonelo, ohlelweni lokusebenzisa kabusha olusebenzayo, inzwa ethambile enamandla ye-ML Le modeli yathuthukisa ukunemba kwe-toc kulinganisa futhi kwasiza ukwelashwa (njenge-ozone dosing) ngaphandle kokulinganisa i-toc ngqo. Ngokuvamile, i-AI \ ml isiza ngokuthola ama-anomalies noma ukudonsa ku-toc analyzers, ukubikezela ukuhambela ama-toc, kanye nokuxhaswa kwezinqumo. Njengoba kuphawula okukodwa kokubuyekezwa komkhakha, i-ML "ukuguqula kabusha ukuqapha kwekhwalithi yamanzi," kunika amandla ukuphathwa okunobuhlakani kwe-toc nokunyeamapharamitha.

Okunye okusha kufaka ubuchwepheshe be-UV-LED (amalambu angenama-Mercury-free) ku-TOC Analyzers ngokusebenza okuphephile, okuphansi kokusebenza, kanye ne-hybrid Sensing Solutions (e.g. Kuhlanganiswe ne-toc \ ozone noma i-toc Sekukonke, le nqumo yenza isilinganiso se-toc siguquguquke ngokwengeziwe, okuzenzakalelayo, futhi kufundise. Ama-laboratories kanye nezitshalo ezifuna ukwenza kube manje kungahlola ama-analyzer we-toc ane-toc, ama-kits field, kanye nesoftware yefu ebekele i-AI ukuhumusha ukuthambekela kwe-toc.

Uma ubheka phambili, izitayela eziningana zibumba inkambu yokuhlola i-TOC:

• Isikhathi sangempela nokuqapha online:Ukushintshwa okubhekise ekuhlaziyeni okuqhubekayo kwe-toc ama-toc kuzosheshisa. Njengoba i-Instrument Instrusetion iba ukuthembeka ngokwengeziwe futhi okuphansi, izitshalo zizohamba ngale kwesampulazana yesikhathi sokuqapha kwangempela kwe-toc yesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kuqhutshwa yisidingo sokulawulwa kwenqubo ngokushesha kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuhambisana.

• Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha ne-AI:Ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwe-AI, ukufundwa komshini namafukuthelo wefu kuzokwenza idatha ye-toc isebenziseke kakhudlwana. Amamodeli wokubikezela (njenge-Toc Soft Sensor in Reuse Systems) azohlanjululwa ngedatha enkulu, ukuvumela izindawo ukuthi zilindele izikhala ze-organic futhi zivumelanise ukwelashwa ngempumelelo. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhutshwa yi-AI kuzosiza nokwandisa ukugcinwa (ukubikezela isibani noma ukuguga kwesithando) futhi kunciphise ama-alamu wamanga.

• I-miniaturization kanye nezinzwa zenoveli:Ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-TOC buzoqhubeka ne-miniaturing. Lindela amamitha aphathekayo aphathekayo ngisho namanethiwekhi we-sensor (izinzwa ezingenantambo ze-toc) ngokuqashelwa kokuqapha. Ucwaningo Olusafufusa luhlola izindlela ezishibhile ze-Optical and Electrochemical zekhabhoni ye-organic, ezingaholela ezinzwa ezinhle kakhulu, ezilahlayo ze-toc zokuhlola insimu.

• Ukugxila kokulawula nokusimama:Imithethonqubo ingahle ifake phakathi kwe-toc noma imikhawulo ye-organic carbon (yokubulala amagciwane okwedlule komkhiqizo, ngokwesibonelo). Izinhloso zokusimama zizocindezela izimboni ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-organic; Abahlaziyi be-TOC bazoba ngamathuluzi asemqoka ekuqiniseni ukusebenza kwempilo kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu.

• Abahlaziyi bepharamitha ehlanganisiwe:Ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi esizayo kungalinganisa amapharamitha amaningi wekhabhoni ngasikhathi sinye. Isibonelo, ithuluzi elilodwa lingabika i-TOC, i-Doc, kanye nokungena (i-UV254) noma ukufana no-borsoli nge-proxies. Lokhu kuqapha okuphelele kufanelana nezinhlelo zesimanje ezihlanganisiwe zenzwa.

Lezi zindlela zikhomba ekuhlaziyweni kwe-toc ekuhlanganisweni okwengeziwe, okuzenzakalelayo, nokubikezelwa. Ama-labs nochwepheshe ukwelashwa kwamanzi kufanele bahlale benolwazi mayelana namathuluzi amasha we-toc (e.g. Ama-Iot-enikwe amandla ama-analyzers, izinzwa ezithuthukile ze-oxidation) namathuluzi esoftware.

Ukuqonda nokubhekaToc organickubalulekile ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi yesimanje. Sikubonile ukuthi i-FOCC ifeza kanjani ipharamitha yendabuko (i-cod, bod, doc) ngokulinganisa ngokuqondile ikhabhoni e-organic ngokushesha. Noma ngabe ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokukhipha izimvume, ukuvikela amasistimu wamanzi e-weltrapure, noma ukuqapha ukulwa nemikhiqizo eyingozi, ukuhlaziywa kwe-toc kunikeza ukuqonda okubucayi.

Ama-laworatories amanzi nezitshalo zokwelashwaKufanele ahlole isu labo lokuqapha i-TOC: Qinisekisa ukuthi isampula lilandela izindlela ezinhle kakhulu, futhi libheke ukuthuthuka kwemishini kwabahlaziyi bamuva. Abahlaziyi be-inthanethi be-TOC (ukuhlanganisa noma i-UV-based) bangaletha idatha eqhubekayo yokulawula inqubo, kuyilapho amamitha we-toc aphathekayo avumela amasheke wendawo noma kuphi. Funa abahlaziyi abanehla elihle lokutholwa (i-PPB kuya ku-PPM ephezulu) nezici ezinjenge-othomathikhi acid purge, ama-calines okulinganisa, nokuxhumana.

Njengokuthuthukisa intuthuko, ukuhlala okwamanje kubalulekile. Hlola imininingwane ehlanganisa idatha ye-toc kumadeshi edijithali noma izinhlelo ze-AI ukubikezela izingqinamba ngaphambi kokuba zivele. Sebenzisana nabathengisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-TOC kanye nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obulungile bezidingo zakho. Ngokwenza ukulinganiswa kwe-toc organic kube yingxenye yokuhlolwa kwamanzi, ama-lab kanye nezitshalo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, qinisekisa ukuhambisana, nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi kanye nemvelo.

Izinkomba:(Yonke imininingwane nezincomo ezingenhla zidonswa emithonjeni yezimboni nakwezobuchwepheshe, phakathi kwabanye.)