Kutentha kwambiri

Kafukufuku wokhazikika amafufuza momwe zitsanzo zowunikira (E.g.), mamolekyulu ang'onoang'ono, mchere wachitsulo, ndi zopepuka, kusungirako, ndi mabwana ashefu. Kusunga kwa kutentha kwambiri kumatha kupangitsa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, kapena gawo lapansi. Kuwonekera kwakukulu kumatha kuyambitsa mgwirizano kapena kupatsirana mwaulere, ndikupangitsa kuti abwerere. Kufufuza mwadongosolo zotsatira za 40 ° C, -20 ° C, ndipo kuwala pamitundu ingapo ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti ndi kudalirika. Pepala ili limayang'ana kwambiri pamachitidwe amomwe ndi njira zopezera zinthu zitatuzi pamamolekyulu ocheperako, zitsulo za chitsulo, komanso zopanga za photos.

1. Kodi kutentha kwambiri (40 ° C) kumakhudza bwanji maboleek ang'ono ndi chitsulo?

Kutentha kwakukulu kumathandizira kuchuluka kwa zimbudzi, kulimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa ortuc molecule ndikuyika zosakaniza zosakaniza. Mu mayeso oyeserera osokoneza bongo, 40 ° C \ / 75% rh imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yofulumalizira kulosera zochitika zazitali. Kutentha kwamphamvu kumatha mafuta oxidation, hydrolysis, madzi am'madzi, kapena ulemu mu mamolekyulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo amathanso kukonza zitsulo zazing'ono, ndipo amathanso kusintha ma inion-ion gwirizana komanso kusungunuka.

1.1 Zimasanthula pamamolekyulu ang'ono

• Kuwonongeka kwa oxima:Lipids kapena phenolics mosavuta oximani pa 40 ° C, kupanga zinthu zowonongeka.
  
  

• Hydrolysis:Ester kapena ma amder zolumikizira zimayambiranso mosavuta akamatenthedwa, kulolera ma acid, zitsulo, kapena mowa.
  
  

• Lisomation:Kutembenuka kwa CIS-Transten kapena kuthamanga kumatha kuchepetsa ntchito.
  
  

Chitsanzo: Rapycin (ndi IV Prodrug CCI-779) osungidwa pa 40 \ /% yopanda ma oxidatic \ / okwera kwambiri kuposa zitsanzo pa 25 ° C. Chifukwa chake, zolimbitsa zinthu ndi zotchingira zazikulu ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa pamanja.

Mavuto ofunikira pa zitsulo

• Kukhazikika Kwake:Zitsulo zofananira zimasiyana ndi kutentha; Zovuta zofooka zimatha kusowetsa mtendere, kumasula ma ions autima.
  
  

• Kususuka & mpweya:Ngakhale mchere wambiri umasungunuka zambiri T, ena (mwachitsanzo ,.g., hydroxides, hubroxides, sulficy) akhoza kusintha magawo kapena kupitilira. Mwachitsanzo, calcium carbonate, mwachitsanzo, amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotentha kwambiri, ikukhudzanso mosiyanasiyana morphology.
  
  

• Boma la oxidation:Makam²
  
  

Pa 40 ° C, lingalirani zovuta zosokoneza bongo komanso chiopsezo chofuna kupewa kutayika kwa ion kapena kusintha kwina.

1.3 Kupanga mayeso okhazikika okhazikika & njira zoyeserera

Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo:

• DSC (yosiyanitsa calorimetry):Njira zokhazikika pamafuta, kusintha kwa gawo, komanso kuwonongeka kwa magetsi.
  
  

• UV-vis Sportrophototry:Tsegulani zosintha kapena kusintha kwa mtundu kuti mugwiritse ntchito zolimbitsa thupi kapena kuwonongeka kwa nthawi pakapita nthawi.
  
  

• ICP-MS \ / AAS:Makamaka amapereka zitsulo zokhazikika za zitsulo, zomwe zimafufuza zotayika kapena zotsekemera poyambira mankhwala.
  
  

• HPLC \ / GC-MS:Amasiyanitsa ndi kuzindikiritsa zinthu zowonongeka, kuwerengera kubwezeretsa kwa gawo la kholo.
  
  

Pulogalamu ya protocol: ikani zitsanzo mu 40 ° C Sambala kuti apititse patsogolo ukalamba; Nthawi ndi nthawi gwiritsani ntchito ma dcs a DSC ya zochitika zamatenthedwe, yezanitsa uve-mawonekedwe a UV, ndikugwiritsa ntchito ICP-MS kuti atsatire zitsulo. Pamodzi njirazi zimapereka malingaliro okwanira pa kusintha kwa kutentha.

2.

At -20 ° C, zosintha zosintha maboma, zomwe zingayambitse kupatukana kapena kukhazikika. Ma kristals a Ice amapatula zosungunuka m'matumba osayera, opindika za padera ndi pH, omwe angayambitse zomwe zingayambitse zomwe zingachitike. Kubwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kumatha kusokoneza chitsanzo ndi umphumphu.

2.1 Free-Thaw-Thaw Mamolekyulu Ang'ono

Pa nthawi yozizira, zosungunulira zimayang'ana mozungulira makhiristo a ice, nthawi zambiri amabweza kapena kusokoneza pakuyenda. Macroscopically izi zimawoneka ngati turbbidity kapena tomwe; Ma Microscopically, ma molecular kapena kuwonongeka kumachitika. Kafukufuku wowerengera ma bmu yopanga ma DMSO Makina omwe amayamba kupatukana nawo gawo amafunikira kuwongolera kokhazikika komanso kuwunika.

Makina a 2.2 mumayendedwe achitsulo

Mawonekedwe a Ice amakankhira zitsulo zazitsulo ndi zowonjezera m'magulu amadzimadzi, ndikukweza kwa H⁺ kudalira. Kwa chitsulo zero-Velent (zvi), freeze-thaw amayang'ana ma protoni omwe amasungunuka. Amatulutsidwa zitsulo (mwachitsanzo, Ni²⁺) anakonza, ndikugwiranso ntchito amakhoza kubwezeretsanso. Mapulogalamu a hi ndi hi ndi ion amatha kusintha chemistry ndi mawonekedwe am'mimba, omwe amakhudzanso kusanza pang'ono.

2.3 Kuyeta zam'madzi za ku Freeze-Thaw

• DLS (kufalikira kwamphamvu):Tsatirani zosintha za kukula kwa tinthu koyambirira kuti zitheke kuti mudziwe kusokonekera.
  
  

• ICP-MS \ / AAS:Njira zosinthira zitsulo za zitsulo zosagwirizana komanso pambuyo pa kuwuma-thaw kuti muyesetse kutayika kapena mpweya.
  
  

• Zowonjezera za Freeze-Thaw:Tsatirani malangizo a Ich (E.g.
  
  

Kudzera njirazi, ma labu amatha kuchuluka kwa ma froze-thaw zotsatira ndikukweza ma protocols \ / ma protocols.

3. Momwe mungayeretse ma photodergedation opanga zithunzi?

Zophatikiza ndi zolumikizira Π-systems, mphete zonunkhira, kapena malo achitsulo omwe amatulutsa mahotelo a UV \ / Kuzindikira njirazi ndikofunikira pakupanga mayeso okhazikika komanso kulosera za zithunzi.

3.1 Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ndi zopepuka & chifukwa?

• Utoto ndi makina ophatikizika kapena zovuta zogwirizana ndi chitsulo mosavuta kuyamwa mphete kapena zomangira, zopangira ma radical.
  
  

• Mafuta osasunthika mu zitsamba amatha kutuluka kapena kuwola pansi pa UV \ / kutentha.
  
  

• Mamolekyu okhala ndi mamolekyulu okhala ndi zomangira zofooka (E.g., Nitroso, peroxide) amakonda kwambiri ku Photoder.
  Kapangidwe kalikonse ka chromophores kapena zomangira zachilengedwe zitha kuchitika Photochemistry-gwiritsani ntchito, kuwonjezera, kusinthika - ndi zipatso zosinthika.
  
  
  

3.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zoyeserera

Pa q1B:

• Gawo lokakamizidwa: Vomerezani zitsanzo ku Kuwala ku mapu onse omwe angakhalepo.
  
  

• Gawo lotsimikizira: Ikani mlingo wofotokozedwa kuti ayesetse kukhazikika kofananira.
  Mfundo zazikuluzikulu:
  
  

• Kuwala kwa dzuwa: kuwala kwa dzuwa (D65 \ ID ID65 Nyali Yazimbale, Xenon-Arc, Mafuta a Zitsulo
  
  

• Kukhazikitsa Kwachitsanzo: Malo munthaka, zotengera zowonekera, zotayika kuti ziwoneke bwino, ndi kuwongolera kwamdima. Ngati kuchepa kwamphamvu kwambiri kumachitika, kufupikitsa nthawi \ / mphamvu.
  
  

• Kuwunikira mlingo: Katswiri wa calradicty (E.g., ndi quinine sulfate) ndi kujambula mlingo wopepuka mu j \ /
  
  

Kuwongolera kokhazikika ndi kufanizira kwaulere \ / kupangidwira kungokhala ndi chidziwitso chosinthira.

3.3 Photodegradetion knetic

Photodergration nthawi zambiri imatsata kinetics yoyamba:

C (t) = c0e-ktc (t) = c_0 e ^ {- kt}

komwe k ndikokwera nthawi zonse. Zochita zosemphana ndi zapakati zitha kukwana mtundu wa Langmuir-Hinshelwood. Mwa kutsatira ndende kudzera mu UV-Pys kapena HPLC-ms pakapita nthawi, k zitha kukhazikika. Photochem Purtum zokolola (φ) -Molecules idachitika pa Photon yoyamwa - imawerengedwa poyerekeza ndi kusiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi zithunzi za Photon Flux. Magawo awa amawerengera mawonekedwe.

4. Njira zotsimikizika zolimba

Phatikizani njira zingapo zoyeserera kuti muchite bwino:

• Mkulu-t \ / freeze-thaw:
  - DSC kwa zochitika zamagetsi \ / gawo la magawo
  - UV-Wheet kuwunikira kapena ion ndende
  - ICP-ms \ / aas a neenel
  - DLS ya tinthu toptional
  
  

• Kujambula:
  - UV-WI knetic zowoneka bwino
  - hplc-ms kwa chizindikiritso chonyansa komanso chotsalira
  - zokolola ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi zonse zowerengera muyezo wotchinga
  
  

Onetsetsani kuti mukuwongolera (zosungira zamdima, magwero osiyanasiyana), kumathamangitsidwa, komanso chithandizo chowerengera kuti chitsimikiziro.

5. Kuwonetsa bwino kwa deta yokhazikika

Kupereka zomwe zapezedwa bwino, kukonzekera:

• Okhazikika vs. Nthawi Matenda: Yerekezerani kuchuluka kwa ntchito kapena ion Cels. -20 ° C.
  
  

• Photodergradetion Kinetics Curves: Sonyezani ndende kapena kuphatikizira vs.
  
  

• DSC thermograms: Onetsani Endo \ / extrodems yosinthira gawo kapena kuwonongeka kwa kutentha.
  
  

• Zojambula za magwiridwe: Kufanizira kutanthauzira kwaulere kapena kusungunuka kwa cycle kapena kusungirako \ / mayendedwe amayendedwe.
  
  

Zojambula zopangidwa bwino zimathandizira kutanthauzira ndi kukambirana.

Mapeto

Mavuto osiyanasiyana amakhudza kukhazikika kwa njira zosiyanasiyana: Kutentha kwambiri kumathandizira kusokonekera kwa mankhwala (ozizira kumapangitsa kuti mpweya wace ukhale ndi ma crystal, komanso oyambitsa mamolekyulu opindika). Kusungidwa ndi mayendedwe kuyenera kuphatikizidwa: zinthu zowoneka bwino mu zotumphukira, zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi zowongolera zamagetsi zovomerezeka kapena zisudzo zamadzimadzi. Ntchito yamtsogolo iyenera kufufuza zopanikizana zophatikizika (E.g., Kuwala + Kuwala) kukonza malangizo okhazikika.

Zolemba zina

• Mayunitsi:Mlingo wopepuka mu J \ / myo kapena maola-exent; gwiritsani ntchito nthawi zonse masana. zokolola φ; zotsalira monga%.
  
  

• Magawo a zitsanzo:Sinthani protocols pagawo lililonse (API, zapakatikati, zinthu zachilengedwe, mchere wachitsulo) kuti mupereke malingaliro osungira.
  
  

Maumboni: Kutengera ich q1a \ / malangizo a Q1B, omwe amakhazikika annex 10, ndi mabuku apano.